Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are incretin hormones released from enteroendocrine cells. These hormones facilitate glucose regulation by stimulating insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner while suppressing glucagon secretion. The incretin effect is reduced in people with...

Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both1. The chronic hyperglycemia of DM is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the eyes,...